Ref: https://www.stat.cmu.edu/~larry/=stat700/Lecture22.pdf Counterfactual and . is the potential outcome if an individual were treated. is the potential outcome if an individual were not treated. is the observed outcome: which means: From , we have . Therefore in general. Note that is an unobserved counterfactual. For example, if represents whether an individual receives a…
Some notes for Casual Inference
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